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Hierarchy of the Sciences According to Auguste Comte

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The Hierarchy of the Sciences According to Auguste Comte     Comte’s second best known theory, that of the hierarchy of the sciences or classification of sciences is intimately connected with the law of three stages. Just as mankind progresses only through determinant stages, each successive stage building on the accomplishments of its predecessors; so scientific knowledge passes through similar stages of development. But different sciences progress at different rates. “Any kind of knowledge reaches the positive stage early in proportion to its generality, simplicity and independence of other departments.” Since time immemorial thinkers have tried to classify knowledge on one or the other basis. Early Greek thinkers had made a tripartite classification of knowledge. These were Physics, Ethics and Politics. Bacon made the classification on the basis of the faculties of man namely memory, imagination and reason. The Science which was based upon memory is called History, imaginati
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Discuss the merits and demerits of Centralisation and Decentralization?

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  Discuss the merits and demerits of  Centralisation  and  Decentralization ?        ADVANTAGES OF CENTRALIZATION 1. Specialization management: The higher the specialization of jobs, the greater the need for centralization. Tall hierarchical organizations with functional departments are best managed through centralization. 2. Complexity management: Specialization of jobs creates complexity. Narrow spans of management also create complexity. Centralization provides  advantage  to manage complexity. Uniform policies and practices are fostered. Specialists can be used. 3. Significant decision making: Non-programmed significant decisions require centralized decision making by top management. Decentralization is not suitable for making such decisions. Moreover, management philosophy may also favor centralization in such decision. 4. Environmental stability: Centralization is the most suitable model for making decisions in  stable environment . 5. Improved capacity at l
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Explain the meaning and types of Bureaucracy?

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 Explain the meaning and types of Bureaucracy?       The word “Bureaucracy” stems from the combination of a French word “Bureau” and a Greek word “Kratos”. In its very basic form, the definition of bureaucracy states that it is a collection or group of officials who engage in administrative and/or policy making duties. The presence of bureaucracy and bureaucrats is largely imperative in modern society where the smooth running of an organization, a government or any department for that matter depends on the efficiency of this system. Bureaucratic systems can be segregated into different categories although the thin line of separation between them can be blurred at times. Formalization is a major type of bureaucracy which can be further divided into two types, Enabling or Encouraging and Coercive. It also has three patterns namely Representative Bureaucracy; Punishment Based Bureaucracy and Mock Bureaucracy. Let’s take a deeper look into them. It is the essence of American
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IRCTC launches payment aggregator, IRCTC iPay

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IRCTC launches payment aggregator, IRCTC iPay                               The Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) has launched its own payment aggregator system, IRCTC iPay, a step which will help promote government’s Digital India initiative. A statement from the railways’ catering and ticketing arm said the exclusive digital payment gateway will provide an improved online digital payment convenience and ease of doing business to passengers availing online travel related services through the IRCTC website. “With the launch of IRCTC iPay, the passengers will not need any third-party platforms as the IRCTC iPay provides payment options like credit card, debit card, UPI - Unified Payment Interface, International Card. The option of IRCTC prepaid card cum wallet, auto debit shall also be available shortly,” the statement said. Under this new arrangement, IRCTC will have full control of the payment system because of its direct relationship with acquir
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Galileo,Italian Philosopher, Astronomer & Mathematician

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Galileo ITALIAN PHILOSOPHER, ASTRONOMER, AND MATHEMATICIAN Galileo , in full  Galileo Galilei , (born February 15, 1564, Pisa [Italy] —died January 8, 1642, Arcetri, near Florence), Italian natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who made fundamental contributions to the sciences of  motion ,  astronomy , and  strength of materials  and to the development of the  scientific method . His formulation of (circular)  inertia , the  law of falling bodies , and  parabolic  trajectories marked the beginning of a fundamental change in the study of motion. His insistence that the book of nature was written in the language of  mathematics  changed natural philosophy from a verbal, qualitative account to a mathematical one in which  experimentation  became a recognized method for discovering the facts of nature. Finally, his discoveries with the  telescope  revolutionized astronomy and paved the way for the acceptance of the  Copernican   heliocentric system , but his  advocac
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History Of Royal Enfield

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History Of Roy al Enfield George Townsend set up a business in 1851 in Redditch making sewing needles. In 1882 his son, also named George, started making components for cycle manufacturers including saddles and forks. By 1886 complete bicycles were being sold under the names Townsend and Ecossais. This business suffered a financial collapse, in 1891.  Albert Eadie, sales manager of Birmingham's Perry & Co Ltd, pen makers who had begun to supply components for cycles, and Robert Walker Smith, an engineer from  D. Rudge & Co , were chosen by Townsend's bankers to run the business. Then, in 1892, the firm was re-incorporated and named Eadie Manufacturing Company Limited; it was based in Snow Hill, Birmingham.  Later, in 1907, after serious losses from their newly floated Enfield Autocar business, Eadie Manufacturing and its pedal-cycle component business was absorbed by  the Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) .   Years later, the BSA chairman was to tell shareho
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