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Hierarchy of the Sciences According to Auguste Comte

The Hierarchy of the Sciences According to Auguste Comte     Comte’s second best known theory, that of the hierarchy of the sciences or classification of sciences is intimately connected with the law of three stages. Just as mankind progresses only through determinant stages, each successive stage building on the accomplishments of its predecessors; so scientific knowledge passes through similar stages of development. But different sciences progress at different rates. “Any kind of knowledge reaches the positive stage early in proportion to its generality, simplicity and independence of other departments.” Since time immemorial thinkers have tried to classify knowledge on one or the other basis. Early Greek thinkers had made a tripartite classification of knowledge. These were Physics, Ethics and Politics. Bacon made the classification on the basis of the faculties of man namely memory, imagination and reason. The Science which was based upon memory is called History, ...
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Discuss the merits and demerits of Centralisation and Decentralization?

  Discuss the merits and demerits of  Centralisation  and  Decentralization ?        ADVANTAGES OF CENTRALIZATION 1. Specialization management: The higher the specialization of jobs, the greater the need for centralization. Tall hierarchical organizations with functional departments are best managed through centralization. 2. Complexity management: Specialization of jobs creates complexity. Narrow spans of management also create complexity. Centralization provides  advantage  to manage complexity. Uniform policies and practices are fostered. Specialists can be used. 3. Significant decision making: Non-programmed significant decisions require centralized decision making by top management. Decentralization is not suitable for making such decisions. Moreover, management philosophy may also favor centralization in such decision. 4. Environmental stability: Centralization is the most suitable model for making decisions in...
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Explain the meaning and types of Bureaucracy?

 Explain the meaning and types of Bureaucracy?       The word “Bureaucracy” stems from the combination of a French word “Bureau” and a Greek word “Kratos”. In its very basic form, the definition of bureaucracy states that it is a collection or group of officials who engage in administrative and/or policy making duties. The presence of bureaucracy and bureaucrats is largely imperative in modern society where the smooth running of an organization, a government or any department for that matter depends on the efficiency of this system. Bureaucratic systems can be segregated into different categories although the thin line of separation between them can be blurred at times. Formalization is a major type of bureaucracy which can be further divided into two types, Enabling or Encouraging and Coercive. It also has three patterns namely Representative Bureaucracy; Punishment Based Bureaucracy and Mock Bureaucracy. Let’s take a deeper look into them. It is the e...
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